‘How quickly it hit us’ – this is one of the most common sentiments about the Covid-19 pandemic. There have been as many plagues as wars in history yet always plagues and wars take people equally by surprise.” “ Pestilence is in fact very common, but we find it hard to believe in a pestilence when it descends upon us. Below, members of Istituto Pasteur in Rome and the Marie Curie ITN INITIATE ( ) reflect on the lasting global impact of the coronavirus pandemic.

This issue of Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews is devoted to reviews from around the globe, describing the rapidly accumulating knowledge about the virus, the immunopathogenic consequences of severe disease, the consequences of the cytokine storm and potential therapeutic interventions that could improve morbidity and mortality until a vaccine can be developed and made available. Despite fragmented international efforts to contain the spread, SARS-CoV2 has spread to 213 countries, resulting in more than 5 million cases and deaths approaching 400,000 since its formal identification in Wuhan China in December 2019.

Countries were urged by WHO to adopt strict social distancing and quarantine measures to avoid virus spread and to protect public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on Januand a global pandemic on March 11, 2020.

Hardest they are billions custom map